The Implications of Islamic Law on the Rights of Religious Minorities in Muslim-Majority Countries
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the complex implications of Islamic law on the rights of religious minorities in Muslim-majority countries. Through a comprehensive literature analysis, the study summarized information from various relevant text sources. The findings show the complex challenges faced by religious minorities when exercising the rights in Muslim-majority countries. Examining the impact of Islamic law on religious minorities' rights suggests that the legislation could provide a potential basis for protection. However, the interpretation and application of the law varies between countries. Introducing Islamic law into state policies often creates tensions between religious and universal human rights principles, requiring careful efforts to strike a delicate balance. In modern contexts, such as the impact of globalization and information technology, Muslim-majority countries are faced with challenges that prompt constant adaptation to ensure the effective protection of religious minorities’ rights. Therefore, addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive method including legal reform, interreligious dialogue, and community education to ensure that the rights of religious minorities are respected and substantially protected.
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References
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Colbran, Nicola. “Realities and challenges in realising freedom of religion or belief in Indonesia.” The International Journal of Human Rights 14, no. 5 (2010): 678–704. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642980903155166
Crouch, Melissa A. “Law and religion in Indonesia: The constitutional court and the blasphemy law.” Asian Journal of Comparative Law 7 (2011): 1–46. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2194607800000582
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Mehfooz, Musferah. “Religious freedom in Pakistan: A case study of religious minorities.” Religions 12, no. 1 (2021): 51. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12010051
Muchtar, Nurhaya, Basyouni Ibrahim Hamada, Thomas Hanitzsch, Ashraf Galal, Masduki, dan Mohammad Sahid Ullah. “Journalism and the Islamic worldview: Journalistic roles in Muslim-majority countries.” Journalism studies 18, no. 5 (2017): 555–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2017.1279029
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Nielsen, Jørgen S. “Contemporary discussions on religious minorities in Muslim countries.” Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations 14, no. 3 (2003): 325–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410305269
Pelupessy-Wowor, Jeniffer. “The role of religious education in promoting religious freedom: A mutual enrichment between ‘My Story,’‘Your Story,’ and ‘Our Stories.’” The Review of Faith & International Affairs 14, no. 4 (2016): 98–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2016.1248527
Rahman, Khaista. “Attitudes towards Religious minorities in Pakistan: Gaps in the literature and future directions.” Pakistan Languages and Humanities Review 5, no. 2 (2021): 345–59. https://doi.org/10.47205/plhr.2021(5-II)2.28
Rohmah, Siti. “THE PATTERN OF ABSORPTION OF ISLAMIC LAW INTO NATIONAL LAW: Study of The Halal Product Guarantee Law in The Perspective of Maqashid Shari’ah.” Jurisdictie: Jurnal Hukum dan Syariah 12, no. 1 (2021): 20–47. https://doi.org/10.18860/j.v12i1.10521
Rudi, Rudi, dan Yaman Suryaman. “The Rights of Non-Muslims in an Islamic State.” Istinbath| Jurnal Penelitian Hukum Islam 15, no. 2 (2017): 213–26. https://doi.org/10.36667/istinbath.v15i2.28
Sezgin, Yüksel. “A global and historical exploration: Legislative reform in Muslim family laws in Muslim‐majority versus Muslim‐minority countries.” Law & Policy 45, no. 2 (2023): 110–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/lapo.12210
Sullivan, Donna J. “Advancing the Freedom of Religion or Belief through the UN Declaration on the Elimination of Religious Intolerance and Discrimination.” American Journal of International Law 82, no. 3 (1988): 487–520. https://doi.org/10.2307/2202962
Sutrisno, Edy, Ahmad Fanani, dan Marsidi Marsidi. “A Female Leaders In The Perspective Of Islamic Law And Legal Regulations.” MILRev : Metro Islamic Law Review 2, no. 1 (30 Juni 2023): 27–51. https://doi.org/10.32332/milrev.v2i1.6879
Wani, Hilal, Raihanah Abdullah, dan Lee Wei Chang. “An Islamic perspective in managing religious diversity.” Religions 6, no. 2 (2015): 642–56. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel6020642
Widayati, Sri, dan Eka Cahya Maulidiyah. “Religious tolerance in Indonesia.” Dalam 2nd International Conference on Education Innovation (ICEI 2018), 685–88. Atlantis Press, 2018. https://doi.org/10.2991/icei-18.2018.155
Yilmaz, Ihsan. Muslim laws, politics and society in modern nation states: Dynamic legal pluralisms in England, Turkey and Pakistan. Routledge, 2016.
Ahmed, Saifuddin, dan Jörg Matthes. “Media representation of Muslims and Islam from 2000 to 2015: A meta-analysis.” International communication gazette 79, no. 3 (2017): 219–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048516656305
Alidadi, Katayoun, dan Marie-Claire Foblets. “Framing multicultural challenges in freedom of religion terms: Limitations of minimal human rights for managing religious diversity in Europe.” Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 30, no. 4 (2012): 388–416. https://doi.org/10.1177/016934411203000403
An‐Nacim, Abdullahi Ahmed. “The compatibility dialectic: Mediating the legitimate coexistence of Islamic law and state law.” The Modern Law Review 73, no. 1 (2010): 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2230.2009.00782.x
Bano, Samia. “In pursuit of religious and legal diversity: A response to the Archbishop of Canterbury and the ‘Sharia debate’in Britain.” Ecclesiastical Law Journal 10, no. 3 (2008): 283–309. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0956618X08001415
Bielefeldt, Heiner. “‘Western’ versus ‘Islamic’ human rights conceptions? A critique of cultural essentialism in the discussion on human rights.” Political theory 28, no. 1 (2000): 90–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591700028001005
Brown, R Khari, dan Ronald E Brown. “The challenge of religious pluralism: The association between interfaith contact and religious pluralism.” Review of Religious Research 53 (2011): 323–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13644-011-0014-5
Colbran, Nicola. “Realities and challenges in realising freedom of religion or belief in Indonesia.” The International Journal of Human Rights 14, no. 5 (2010): 678–704. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642980903155166
Crouch, Melissa A. “Law and religion in Indonesia: The constitutional court and the blasphemy law.” Asian Journal of Comparative Law 7 (2011): 1–46. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2194607800000582
Eijk, Esther Van. “Sharia and national law in Saudi Arabia.” Sharia incorporated: A comparative overview of the legal systems of twelve Muslim countries in past and present, 2010, 139–80.
Emon, Anver M. Religious pluralism and Islamic law: Dhimmis and others in the Empire of Law. Oxford University Press, 2012.
Evans, Carolyn. “Religious freedom in European human rights law: The search for a guiding conception.” Dalam Religion and International law, 385–400. Brill Nijhoff, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047413400_024
Finke, Roger, dan Robert R Martin. “Ensuring liberties: Understanding state restrictions on religious freedoms.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 53, no. 4 (2014): 687–705. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12148
Garba, Ahmed Salisu. “The Prospects and Problems of the Marrakesh Declaration on the Rights of Religious Minorities in Muslim Majority Communities.” The Review of Faith & International Affairs 16, no. 4 (2018): 47–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2018.1535038
Gouda, Moamen, dan Jerg Gutmann. “Islamic constitutions and religious minorities.” Public Choice 186, no. 3–4 (2021): 243–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-019-00748-7
Hajjar, Lisa. “Religion, state power, and domestic violence in Muslim societies: A framework for comparative analysis.” Law & Social Inquiry 29, no. 1 (2004): 1–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2004.tb00329.x
Hakim, Muhammad Lutfi, dan Khoiruddin Nasution. “Accommodating Non-Muslim Rights: Legal Arguments and Legal Principles in the Islamic Jurisprudence of the Indonesian Supreme Court in the Post-New Order Era.” Oxford Journal of Law and Religion 11, no. 2–3 (2022): 288–313. https://doi.org/10.1093/ojlr/rwad004
Hirschl, Ran. “Opting out of ‘global constitutionalism.’” The Law & Ethics of Human Rights 12, no. 1 (2018): 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1515/lehr-2018-0003
Ichwan, Moch Nur, Arskal Salim, dan Eka Srimulyani. “Islam and dormant citizenship: soft religious ethno-nationalism and minorities in Aceh, Indonesia.” Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations 31, no. 2 (2020): 215–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2020.1780407
Karimullah, Suud Sarim. “For True Humanity: Harmonization of Islamic Law and Human Rights Towards Universal Justice.” Matan: Journal of Islam and Muslim Society 5, no. 2 (2023): 40–56. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.matan.2023.5.2.9125
———. “Pursuing Legal Harmony: Indonesianization of Islamic Law Concept and Its Impact on National Law.” Mazahib 21, no. 2 (27 Desember 2022): 213–44. https://doi.org/10.21093/mj.v21i2.4800
Lathifah, Amalia. “Interpretation Of Verses On Women In Islamic Law Politics.” MILRev : Metro Islamic Law Review 2, no. 1 (30 Juni 2023): 10–26. https://doi.org/10.32332/milrev.v2i1.6872
Marshall, Paul. “The Ambiguities of Religious Freedom in Indonesia.” The Review of Faith & International Affairs 16, no. 1 (2 Januari 2018): 85–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2018.1433588
Mehfooz, Musferah. “Religious freedom in Pakistan: A case study of religious minorities.” Religions 12, no. 1 (2021): 51. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12010051
Muchtar, Nurhaya, Basyouni Ibrahim Hamada, Thomas Hanitzsch, Ashraf Galal, Masduki, dan Mohammad Sahid Ullah. “Journalism and the Islamic worldview: Journalistic roles in Muslim-majority countries.” Journalism studies 18, no. 5 (2017): 555–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2017.1279029
Muhajir, Muhajir, Ihda Shofiyatun Nisa, Akhmad Munawar, dan Suud Sarim Karimullah. “Agus Moh Najib’s Thoughts on the Interconnection of Islamic Law and National Law.” Jurnal Ilmiah Al-Syir’ah 21, no. 1 (2023): 86–103. https://doi.org/10.30984/jis.v21i1.2321
Naefi, Mohammad. “Future Challenge of the Freedom of Religion Act: Comparing Indonesia and Malaysia.” Semarang State University Undergraduate Law and Society Review 1, no. 2 (2021): 125–40. https://doi.org/10.15294/lsr.v1i2.50551
Nielsen, Jørgen S. “Contemporary discussions on religious minorities in Muslim countries.” Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations 14, no. 3 (2003): 325–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410305269
Pelupessy-Wowor, Jeniffer. “The role of religious education in promoting religious freedom: A mutual enrichment between ‘My Story,’‘Your Story,’ and ‘Our Stories.’” The Review of Faith & International Affairs 14, no. 4 (2016): 98–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2016.1248527
Rahman, Khaista. “Attitudes towards Religious minorities in Pakistan: Gaps in the literature and future directions.” Pakistan Languages and Humanities Review 5, no. 2 (2021): 345–59. https://doi.org/10.47205/plhr.2021(5-II)2.28
Rohmah, Siti. “THE PATTERN OF ABSORPTION OF ISLAMIC LAW INTO NATIONAL LAW: Study of The Halal Product Guarantee Law in The Perspective of Maqashid Shari’ah.” Jurisdictie: Jurnal Hukum dan Syariah 12, no. 1 (2021): 20–47. https://doi.org/10.18860/j.v12i1.10521
Rudi, Rudi, dan Yaman Suryaman. “The Rights of Non-Muslims in an Islamic State.” Istinbath| Jurnal Penelitian Hukum Islam 15, no. 2 (2017): 213–26. https://doi.org/10.36667/istinbath.v15i2.28
Sezgin, Yüksel. “A global and historical exploration: Legislative reform in Muslim family laws in Muslim‐majority versus Muslim‐minority countries.” Law & Policy 45, no. 2 (2023): 110–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/lapo.12210
Sullivan, Donna J. “Advancing the Freedom of Religion or Belief through the UN Declaration on the Elimination of Religious Intolerance and Discrimination.” American Journal of International Law 82, no. 3 (1988): 487–520. https://doi.org/10.2307/2202962
Sutrisno, Edy, Ahmad Fanani, dan Marsidi Marsidi. “A Female Leaders In The Perspective Of Islamic Law And Legal Regulations.” MILRev : Metro Islamic Law Review 2, no. 1 (30 Juni 2023): 27–51. https://doi.org/10.32332/milrev.v2i1.6879
Wani, Hilal, Raihanah Abdullah, dan Lee Wei Chang. “An Islamic perspective in managing religious diversity.” Religions 6, no. 2 (2015): 642–56. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel6020642
Widayati, Sri, dan Eka Cahya Maulidiyah. “Religious tolerance in Indonesia.” Dalam 2nd International Conference on Education Innovation (ICEI 2018), 685–88. Atlantis Press, 2018. https://doi.org/10.2991/icei-18.2018.155
Yilmaz, Ihsan. Muslim laws, politics and society in modern nation states: Dynamic legal pluralisms in England, Turkey and Pakistan. Routledge, 2016.
Published
2023-11-09
How to Cite
KARIMULLAH, Suud Sarim.
The Implications of Islamic Law on the Rights of Religious Minorities in Muslim-Majority Countries.
MILRev : Metro Islamic Law Review, [S.l.], v. 2, n. 2, p. 90-114, nov. 2023.
ISSN 2986-528X.
Available at: <https://e-journal.ejournal.metrouniv.ac.id/milrev/article/view/7847>. Date accessed: 01 july 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.32332/milrev.v2i2.7847.
Section
Articles
