ABDURRAUF SINGKEL’S INSAN KAMIL CONCEPT TO ANSWER THE PROBLEM OF SEXUAL CONSENT, CHILDFREE, NATURE AND NURTURE IN URBAN SOCIETY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32332/akademika.v29i1.9081Keywords:
Abdurrauf Singkel; childfree; Insan Kamil; nature and nurture; sexual consent.Abstract
This article aims to analyze Abdurrauf Singkel's concept of Insan Kamil to address the problems of sexual consent, childfree, and nature and nurture which frequently arise in urban society. These issues are a common phenomenon in contemporary urban society due to their materialistic lifestyle and the pursuit of worldly goals by denying their true nature (fitrah). Sufism's concept of "Insan Kamil" depicts the ideal human being from every perspective—that is, the ideal human being as he is by nature. This concept of the perfect human will serve as an antidote to the three problems above, each of which is a deviation from the essence of human nature. This paper is a qualitative library research that analyzes data using an analytical descriptive method. This study concludes that, first and foremost all of these issues stem from the same root cause which is a denial of human nature. As a concept of the perfect human, Insan Kamil is a manifestation of achieving the pinnacle of humanity based on true human nature. Insan Kamil is also a condition of servitude to the highest degree or ihsan. Therefore, this concept is relevant to overcoming the root problems of sexual consent, childfree, and nature and nurture which stem from the denial of one's nature. By becoming Insan Kamil, someone can place himself according to his nature in the right and proper place.
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References
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Al-Attas, S. M. N. (2010). Islam dan Sekularisme. Institut Pemikiran Islam dan Pembangunan Insa.
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Al-Attas, S. M. N. (2019). Islam: Faham Agama dan Asas Akhlak (Edisi ke-3). Ta’dib International.
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Bhat, A. M. (2016). Human Psychology (fitrah) from Islamic Perspective. International Journal of Nusantara Islam, 4.
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D’Este, G. (2007). Urban Freight Movement Modeling. In D. A. Hensher & K. J. Button (Eds.), Handbook of Transport Modelling (Vol. 1, pp. 633–647). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/9780857245670-033.
Daganzo, C. F. (Ed.). (2004). Summary of the Oecd Report Delivering the Goods - 21 Century Challenges to Urban Goods Transport’. In Logistics Systems for Sustainable Cities (pp. 431–440). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/9780080473222-031.
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Fathurahman, O. (1999b). Tanbih Al-Masyi Menyoal Wahdatul Wujud: Kasus Abdurrauf Singkel di Aceh Abad 17 (I). Mizan.
Fatwa Tentama. (2012). Peran Orang Tua Mendidik Anak ADHD. Republika.Com.
Firdaus, M. A., & Sahib, R. (2021). Wahdat Al-Syuhud : Ahmad Sirhindi’s Criticism on The Concept of Wahdat Al-Wujud Ibn ’Arabi. Millati: Journal of Islamic Studies and Humanities, 6(2), 209–224. https://doi.org/10.18326/mlt.v6i2.5962.
Harun, J. (2013). Mir’at al-tullab by Syeikh Abdul Rauf Singkel: a preliminary study of manuscripts kept in the Special Collections, Leiden University Library. Malay Literature, 26(2), 119–138. https://doi.org/10.37052/ml.26(2)no1.
Hasib, K. (2019). Manusia dan Kebahagiaan: Pandangan Filsafat Yunani dan Respon Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas. Tasfiyah: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.21111/tasfiyah.v3i1.2980.
Ibnu’Arabi, M. (2004). Fushȗsh al-Hikam. Bairut: Dȃr al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah.
Imas Damayanti. (2021). Memutuskan Childfree, bolehkah dalam Islam? Reoublika.Com. https://republika.co.id/berita/islam-digest/muslimah/qw1zic725000/memutuskan-childfree-bolehkah-dalam-islam
Iqbal, M. (1908). The Development of Metaphysics in Persia: A contribution to the History of Muslim Philosophy. Luzac and Company.
Kartanegara, M. (2007). Nalar Religius Memahami Hakikat Tuhan, Alam dan Manusia. Erlangga.
Khuza’i, M. (2012). Problem Definisi Gender: Kajian Atas Konsep Nature Dan Nurture. Kalimah, 11(1), 102. https://doi.org/10.21111/klm.v11i1.486.
Kurnialam, A. dan M. H. (2021). Konsep Child free Banyak Diikuti, Bagaimana Sikap Muslim? Republika.Com. https://www.republika.co.id/berita/qyh0ru430/konsep-child-free-banyak-diikuti-bagaimana-sikap-muslim
Kurniati, V. (2017). Maqosid Syari’ah.
M.S., K. (2005). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif bidang Filsafat. Penerbit Paradigma.
Mirri, S. M. (2004). Sang Manusia Sempurna. Teraju.
Muhammad ibn Makram Manzur al-Afriqi al-Mishri. (n.d.). Lisan al-Arab. Dar al-Shadir.
Mukhtamar, U. (2021). Islam Melarang Gaya Hidup Childfree. Republika.Com. https://www.republika.co.id/berita/qyc0yg7025000/islam-melarang-gaya-hidup-childfree
Mulkhan, A. M. (n.d.). Syekh Siti Jenar : Pergumulan Islam Jawa. Yayasan Bentang Budaya.
Muslikhati, S. (2004). Feminisme dan Pemberdayaan Perempuan dalam Timbangan Islam. Gema Insani Press.
Nashrullah, N. (n.d.). Childfree Punya Dampak Hingga Resiko Biologis untuk Wanita. Republika.Com. https://www.republika.co.id/berita/qyyi7w320/childfree-punya-dampak-hingga-risiko-biologis-untuk-wanita.
Nasution, H. (1993). Falsafah dan Mistisisme dalam Islam. Bulan Bintang.
Oktaviana, R. (2021). Childfree, Tamparan Keras Bagi Dunia Parenting. Republika.Com. https://republika.co.id/berita/retizen/teh-anget/qydig9483/childfree-tamparan-keras-bagi-dunia-parenting.
Olmedo, L., O’Shaughnessy, M., & Holloway, P. (2024). A geographical analysis of social enterprises: the case of Ireland. Social Enterprise Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/SEJ-09-2023-0105.
Outwaite, W. (2008). Kamus Lengkap Pemikiran Sosial Modern, terj. Tri Wibowo. Prenada Media Group.
Rivauzi, A. (2015). Pemikiran tashawuf Abdurrauf Singkel dalam kitab Daqa’iq Al-huruf: studi budaya naskah nusantara. Jurnal Suluah, 16(20), 18–35.
Salama, A. M., & Patil, M. P. (2024). “YouWalk-UOS” – technology-enabled and user-centred assessment of urban open spaces. Open House International, ahead-of-p(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/OHI-01-2024-0021.
Singkel, A. (n.d.-a). Daqāʹiq al-Ḥurūf,.
Singkel, A. (n.d.-b). Kifāyah al-Muhtājīn.
Siraj, F. M. (2020). Islamic Theology in The Seventeenth Century Aceh. Epistemé: Jurnal Pengembangan Ilmu Keislaman, 15(1), 121–143. https://doi.org/10.21274/epis.2020.15.1.121-143.
Slamet, M. I. S. (2015). Abu Ishak Al-Syathibi (Ulasan tentang Pemikiran Ijtihadnya dalam Kitab al-Muwafaqat). Jurnal Adabiyah, XIII(2), 175–186. https://journal.uin-alauddin.ac.id/index.php/adabiyah/article/view/268.
Srinivas, H., Shaw, R., & Sharma, A. (2009a). Chapter 1 Introduction to urban risk reduction. In R. Shaw, H. Srinivas, & A. Sharma (Eds.), Urban Risk Reduction: An Asian Perspective (Vol. 1, pp. 3–12). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2040-7262(2009)0000001005.
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Sterling, A. F. (2000). Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality. Basic Books.
Studies, S., Gontor, U. D., Malaya, U., Gontor, U. D., & Authors, C. (2022). Nur Hadi Ihsan 1* , Che Zarrina Binti Sa’ari 2 , Muhammad Sofian Hidayat 3. 8(1), 22–35.
Tantimin, & Sinakuban, E. (2020). Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Hak Tenaga Kerja Perempuan Terkait Ketidaksetaraan Gender Di Indonesia. Nusantara: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial, 7(2), 408–420.
Uta Ranke-Heinemann. (1990). Eunuchs for the Kingdom of Heaven: The Catholic Crush and Sexuality. Penguin.
Abercrombie, N. (2006). Kamus Sosiologi, terj. Desi Noviyani dkk. Pustaka Pelajar.
Ahmad Atabik, & Burhanuddin, A. (2015). Konsep Nasih Ulwan tentang Pendidikan Anak. Elementary, 3(2), 274–296. http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/elementary.v3i2.
Al-Attas, S. M. N. (1980). The Concept of Education In Islam (Edisi ke-2). ISTAC (International Institue of Islam Thought and Civilization).
Al-Attas, S. M. N. (1990). The Nature of Man and the Pscychology of the Human Soul. ISTAC.
Al-Attas, S. M. N. (1995). Prolegomena to the Metaphysics of Islam an Exposition of The Fundamental Elements of The Worlview of Islam (edisi ke-1). ISTAC.
Al-Attas, S. M. N. (2010). Islam dan Sekularisme. Institut Pemikiran Islam dan Pembangunan Insa.
Al-Attas, S. M. N. (2015). On Justice and The Nature of Man: A Commentary On Surah Al-Nisa’ and Surah Al-Mu’minun (Edisi ke-1). IBFIM.
Al-Attas, S. M. N. (2019). Islam: Faham Agama dan Asas Akhlak (Edisi ke-3). Ta’dib International.
Al-Ghozali, A. H. A.-G. I. M. (1998). Ihya’ Ulumiddin (III). Dar Mishr li al-Thiba’ah.
Al-Jili, A. K. bin I. (2010). Al-Insân Al-Kâmil Fî Ma’rifati Awakhiri Wa Awâil. al-Azhar Mesir.
Al-Jilli., A. K. bin I. (1997). Al-Insan al-Kamil fi Ma’rifah al-Awakhir wa al-Awail. Darul Kutub al-Islami.
Al-Tullab, M. M. (n.d.). Crimes from the Perspective of Shaykh Abdul Rauf Bin Ali Al-Fansuri Al-Singkili in Manuskrip Mir’At Al-Tullab: A Perfect.
Al-Yubi, M. S. bin A. (1998). Maqasid al-Syariah wa Alaqatuha bi al-Adillah al-Syarieyyah.
Alsherfawi Aljazaerly, A., Okyere, S. A., Mensah, S. L., Abunyewah, M., Frimpong, L. K., & Kita, M. (2024). Towards a socially sustainable built environment: a comparative assessment of urban neighbourhoods in Istanbul. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, ahead-of-p (ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/SASBE-11-2023-0372.
Arabi, I. (1999). Al-Futuhat Al Makkiyyah. Dar Al-Kotob Al-Ilmiyah.
Arabi, M. al-D. I. (n.d.). Fusûs al-Hikam wa Ta’lîqât ’Alayhi. In (Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-’Arabi.
Arabi, M. ibn. (n.d.). al-Insan al-Kamil.
As-Singkili, A. (2014). Umdat Al-Muhtajin Ila Suluk Maslak Al-Mufradin. Perpustakaan Nasional.
As-Singkili, A. (2015). Daqaiq Al-Huruf. Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya Sumatera Barat.
Azra, A. (2013). Jaringan Ulama Timur Tengah Dan Kepulauan Nusantara Abad XVII Dan XVIII. Kencana.
Bailey, J. M., Vasey, P. L., Diamond, L. M., Breedlove, S. M., Vilain, E., & Epprecht, M. (2016). Sexual orientation, controversy, and science. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 17(2), 45–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100616637616.
Beres, M. A., Herold, E., & Maitland, S. B. (2004). Sexual consent behaviors in same-sex relationships. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 33(5), 475–486. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:aseb.0000037428.41757.10.
Bhat, A. M. (2016). Human Psychology (fitrah) from Islamic Perspective. International Journal of Nusantara Islam, 4.
Chairil, A. (n.d.). Mempertanyakan Komitmen Moral Dalam Permendikbud No 30 Tahun 2021. Republika Insist.
D’Este, G. (2007). Urban Freight Movement Modeling. In D. A. Hensher & K. J. Button (Eds.), Handbook of Transport Modelling (Vol. 1, pp. 633–647). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/9780857245670-033.
Daganzo, C. F. (Ed.). (2004). Summary of the Oecd Report Delivering the Goods - 21 Century Challenges to Urban Goods Transport’. In Logistics Systems for Sustainable Cities (pp. 431–440). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/9780080473222-031.
Fathurahman, O. (1999a). Tanbih al-masy: menyoal wahdatul wujud: kasus Abdulrrauf singkel di Aceh abad 17. Mizan.
Fathurahman, O. (1999b). Tanbih Al-Masyi Menyoal Wahdatul Wujud: Kasus Abdurrauf Singkel di Aceh Abad 17 (I). Mizan.
Fatwa Tentama. (2012). Peran Orang Tua Mendidik Anak ADHD. Republika.Com.
Firdaus, M. A., & Sahib, R. (2021). Wahdat Al-Syuhud : Ahmad Sirhindi’s Criticism on The Concept of Wahdat Al-Wujud Ibn ’Arabi. Millati: Journal of Islamic Studies and Humanities, 6(2), 209–224. https://doi.org/10.18326/mlt.v6i2.5962.
Harun, J. (2013). Mir’at al-tullab by Syeikh Abdul Rauf Singkel: a preliminary study of manuscripts kept in the Special Collections, Leiden University Library. Malay Literature, 26(2), 119–138. https://doi.org/10.37052/ml.26(2)no1.
Hasib, K. (2019). Manusia dan Kebahagiaan: Pandangan Filsafat Yunani dan Respon Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas. Tasfiyah: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.21111/tasfiyah.v3i1.2980.
Ibnu’Arabi, M. (2004). Fushȗsh al-Hikam. Bairut: Dȃr al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah.
Imas Damayanti. (2021). Memutuskan Childfree, bolehkah dalam Islam? Reoublika.Com. https://republika.co.id/berita/islam-digest/muslimah/qw1zic725000/memutuskan-childfree-bolehkah-dalam-islam
Iqbal, M. (1908). The Development of Metaphysics in Persia: A contribution to the History of Muslim Philosophy. Luzac and Company.
Kartanegara, M. (2007). Nalar Religius Memahami Hakikat Tuhan, Alam dan Manusia. Erlangga.
Khuza’i, M. (2012). Problem Definisi Gender: Kajian Atas Konsep Nature Dan Nurture. Kalimah, 11(1), 102. https://doi.org/10.21111/klm.v11i1.486.
Kurnialam, A. dan M. H. (2021). Konsep Child free Banyak Diikuti, Bagaimana Sikap Muslim? Republika.Com. https://www.republika.co.id/berita/qyh0ru430/konsep-child-free-banyak-diikuti-bagaimana-sikap-muslim
Kurniati, V. (2017). Maqosid Syari’ah.
M.S., K. (2005). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif bidang Filsafat. Penerbit Paradigma.
Mirri, S. M. (2004). Sang Manusia Sempurna. Teraju.
Muhammad ibn Makram Manzur al-Afriqi al-Mishri. (n.d.). Lisan al-Arab. Dar al-Shadir.
Mukhtamar, U. (2021). Islam Melarang Gaya Hidup Childfree. Republika.Com. https://www.republika.co.id/berita/qyc0yg7025000/islam-melarang-gaya-hidup-childfree
Mulkhan, A. M. (n.d.). Syekh Siti Jenar : Pergumulan Islam Jawa. Yayasan Bentang Budaya.
Muslikhati, S. (2004). Feminisme dan Pemberdayaan Perempuan dalam Timbangan Islam. Gema Insani Press.
Nashrullah, N. (n.d.). Childfree Punya Dampak Hingga Resiko Biologis untuk Wanita. Republika.Com. https://www.republika.co.id/berita/qyyi7w320/childfree-punya-dampak-hingga-risiko-biologis-untuk-wanita.
Nasution, H. (1993). Falsafah dan Mistisisme dalam Islam. Bulan Bintang.
Oktaviana, R. (2021). Childfree, Tamparan Keras Bagi Dunia Parenting. Republika.Com. https://republika.co.id/berita/retizen/teh-anget/qydig9483/childfree-tamparan-keras-bagi-dunia-parenting.
Olmedo, L., O’Shaughnessy, M., & Holloway, P. (2024). A geographical analysis of social enterprises: the case of Ireland. Social Enterprise Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/SEJ-09-2023-0105.
Outwaite, W. (2008). Kamus Lengkap Pemikiran Sosial Modern, terj. Tri Wibowo. Prenada Media Group.
Rivauzi, A. (2015). Pemikiran tashawuf Abdurrauf Singkel dalam kitab Daqa’iq Al-huruf: studi budaya naskah nusantara. Jurnal Suluah, 16(20), 18–35.
Salama, A. M., & Patil, M. P. (2024). “YouWalk-UOS” – technology-enabled and user-centred assessment of urban open spaces. Open House International, ahead-of-p(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/OHI-01-2024-0021.
Singkel, A. (n.d.-a). Daqāʹiq al-Ḥurūf,.
Singkel, A. (n.d.-b). Kifāyah al-Muhtājīn.
Siraj, F. M. (2020). Islamic Theology in The Seventeenth Century Aceh. Epistemé: Jurnal Pengembangan Ilmu Keislaman, 15(1), 121–143. https://doi.org/10.21274/epis.2020.15.1.121-143.
Slamet, M. I. S. (2015). Abu Ishak Al-Syathibi (Ulasan tentang Pemikiran Ijtihadnya dalam Kitab al-Muwafaqat). Jurnal Adabiyah, XIII(2), 175–186. https://journal.uin-alauddin.ac.id/index.php/adabiyah/article/view/268.
Srinivas, H., Shaw, R., & Sharma, A. (2009a). Chapter 1 Introduction to urban risk reduction. In R. Shaw, H. Srinivas, & A. Sharma (Eds.), Urban Risk Reduction: An Asian Perspective (Vol. 1, pp. 3–12). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2040-7262(2009)0000001005.
Srinivas, H., Shaw, R., & Sharma, A. (2009b). Chapter 6 Future perspective of urban risk reduction. In R. Shaw, H. Srinivas, & A. Sharma (Eds.), Urban Risk Reduction: An Asian Perspective (Vol. 1, pp. 105–115). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2040-7262(2009)0000001010.
Sterling, A. F. (2000). Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality. Basic Books.
Studies, S., Gontor, U. D., Malaya, U., Gontor, U. D., & Authors, C. (2022). Nur Hadi Ihsan 1* , Che Zarrina Binti Sa’ari 2 , Muhammad Sofian Hidayat 3. 8(1), 22–35.
Tantimin, & Sinakuban, E. (2020). Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Hak Tenaga Kerja Perempuan Terkait Ketidaksetaraan Gender Di Indonesia. Nusantara: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial, 7(2), 408–420.
Uta Ranke-Heinemann. (1990). Eunuchs for the Kingdom of Heaven: The Catholic Crush and Sexuality. Penguin.
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