PESAN DAMAI AL-GHAZALI; SEBUAH KONSEP KAFIR DAN MUKMIN DALAM PERSPEKTIF TASAWUF AKHLAQI

Abstract

Pengkafiran terhadap orang lain yang berbeda pemahaman kerap kali terjadi akhir-akhir ini. Seseorang biasanya tetap menuduh kâfir seorang mu'min meski dia masih melaksanakan sholat, puasa dan zakat. Mengkafirkan orang seharusnya sesuai dengan syarî'ah. Syarî'ah hanya membolehkan pengkafiran terhadap orang yang telah benar- benar keluar dari Islam, tidak mengakui Allah sebagai Tuhan, menolak Muhammad sebagai utusan-Nya, dan tentunya, menolak ajaran-ajarannya. Tulisan ini membahas tentang konsep kafir dan mukmin dalam perspektif tasawuf al-Ghazali. Paparan dalam tulisan ini merupakan hasil penelitian pustaka yang bersifat deskriptif. Dari hasil penelitian disimpulkan mengenai pemikiran al-Ghazali mengenai konsep kafir dan mukmin. Menurut al-Ghazali, orang yang menuduh kâfir seseorang tanpa bukti bahwa seseorang tersebut telah menolak ajaran Nabi Muhammad, sejatinya, adalah kâfir. Model pengkafiran ini juga terjadi pada masa al-Ghazali, di mana banyak ulama mengkafirkan lawan ideologinya hanya karena perbedaan pendapat. Dalam komunitas majemuk, melalui konsep tashawwuf akhlâkî, al-Ghazali menyarankan mu'min untuk menghargai semua orang kâfir, namun demikian, al-Ghzali juga melarang mu'min untuk  menjadi kâfir, karena menurutnya, kufr dapat menghambat proses tazkiyah al-nafs. Berangkat dari perbincangan-perbincangan ini, al-Ghazali telah merumuskan lima kriteria kualitas seseorang, mu'min atau kâfir, yaitu al-wujûd al-dzâtî, al-wujûd al-hissî, al-wujûd al-khayâlî, al- wujûd al-'aqlî, dan al-wujûd al-syibhî.
 

Accusing someone with a different understanding as a kâfir happens frequently nowdays. The people use to accuse mu'min as a kâfir event he still does praying, fasting, and zkat (charity). Stereotyping people as a kâfir should be in line with the syarî'ah. Syarî'ah merely allows stereotyping people as a kâfir who really out of Islam, rejects Allah as his God, refuses Muhammad as His prophet, and of course, ignores his (Muhammad) taught. Accusing someone as a kâfir  which merely based on contradictory view is not permitted by the syarî'ah. So, people who accuses someone infidel without proving of his ignoring to Muhammad's taught, in fact, is a kâfir, according to al-Ghazali's view. This kind of accusing people as a kâfir, also happened in the al- Ghazali's era, where so many Ulama accuse their ideological opponents as a kâfir just because of their difference in a certain understanding. Imam Hanbali ever accused Imam Asy'ari as a kâfir because Imam Asy'ari ignored Muhammad's taught in term of Allah's residence in arsy. Also, Imam Asy'ari ever accused Imam Hanbali as a kâfir because of his ignoring Muhammad's taught in term of no Allah's allies. In the plural community, al-Ghazali trough his tashawwuf akhlâkî concept, suggested mu'min to honor all kâfir, even al-Ghzali also prohibited mu'min to be kâfir, because in his opinion, kufr has blocked tazkiyah al-nafs process. Based on those discourses, al- Ghazali has formulated five criteria of people quality, whether mu'min or kâfir. Those five criteria are al-wujûd al-dzâtî, al-wujûd al-hissî, al-wujûd al-khayâlî, al-wujûd al-'aqlî, dan al-wujûd al- syibhî. So, a believer (mu'min) should not accuse people as a kâfir easily. People should respect another people who have different understanding and faith, over tolerance. Accusing people as a kâfir is permitted merely for real kâfir who really ignores Muhammad's taught.