THE PERSPECTIVES OF ISLAMIC SCHOLARS ON RELIGIOUS DERADICALIZATION AND SOCIAL MEDIA ROLES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32332/akademika.v26i2.3565Keywords:
Religious deradicalization, islamic scholars, and social mediaAbstract
Tackling religious radicalism is a challenge in Indonesia which acts of intolerance, group exclusion, religion-based violence, terrorism, and hate speech through social media occur repeatedly. This study aims to explore the perceptions of Islamic scholars in Yogyakarta regarding the deradicalization of religion and the role of social media in religious deradicalization. This research uses a case study method which is part of qualitative research. Researchers collected data by conducting in-depth interviews via offline or online interviews through the Zoom application. Participants were 16 male and female Islamic scholars coming from various backgrounds of Islamic organizations, such as Muhammadiyah, Nahdlatul Ulama, the Indonesian Islamic Da’wah Institute, Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia, and the Qur’an Tafsir Council. The location of this research is Yogyakarta Special Region. Interview data were analyzed using thematic analysis methods. This study of religious deradicalization found four major themes, namely strengthening awareness of being Indonesia, prioritizing an inclusive approach as a soft approach in fighting radicalism, promoting a deep understanding of Islam, and utilizing social media. This research provides a novel finding that could contribute to the government, religious leaders, educational institutions, and The National Counter Terrorism Agency where religious deradicalization programs need to be focused on a soft approach, involving the use of social media, targeting blind spot areas such as study programs of medical, engineering, and pharmacy at universities and ensuring mosques uncontrolled by radical groups.
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References
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Dean, Geoff, and Peter Bell. “The Dark Side of Social Media: Review of Online Terrorism.” <em>Pakistan Journal of Criminology</em> 3, no. 4 (2012): 191–210. <a href="https://eprints.qut.edu.au/50162/">https://eprints.qut.edu.au/50162/</a>.</br>
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Nashir, Haedar, Zuly Qodir, Achmad Nurmandi, Hasse Jubba, and Mega Hidayati. “Muhammadiyah’s Moderation Stance in the 2019 General Election: Critical Views from Within.” <em>Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies</em> 57, no. 1 (2019): 1–24.</br>
Ninsiana, Widhiya. “Deradicalizing Religious Extremism Linguistically: An Intertextual Approach To Islamic Extremists’ View on The Qur’anic Interpretation.” <em>Akademika : Jurnal Pemikiran Islam</em> 25, no. 2 (2020): 277–94.</br>
Saleh, M Nurul Ikhsan, Burhan Nudin, Khusaini Khusaini, Puji Alim, and Ida Ayu Putri. “Islamic Boarding School and the Deradicalization Efforts of Islamic Education in Madura.” <em>Jurnal Pendidikan Islam</em> 8, no. 2 (2019): 259–86. <a href="https://doi.org/10.14421/jpi.2019.82.259-286">https://doi.org/10.14421/jpi.2019.82.259-286</a>.</br>
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Syahputra, Muhammad Candra, and Idrus Ruslan. “Nemui Nyimah: Lampung Local Wisdom with Religious Moderation Insight.” <em>Akademika : Jurnal Pemikiran Islam</em> 26, no. 1 (2021): 59–74.</br>
Taufik, Zulfan. “From Negative To Positive Peace: Strengthening The Role of Youth in Religious Peacebuilding in Bukittinggi, West Sumatra.” <em>Akademika : Jurnal Pemikiran Islam</em> 25, no. 2 (2020): 257–76.</br>
Tsesis, Alexander. “Social Media Accountability for Terrorist Propaganda.” <em>Fordham L. Rev.</em> 86 (2017): 605.</br>
Weimann, Gabriel. <em>Terror on the Internet: The New Arena, the New Challenges</em>. US Institute of Peace Press, 2006.</br>
Yaoren, Kenneth Yeo. “Leadership Decapitation and the Impact on Terrorist Groups.” <em>Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses</em> 11, no. 3 (2019): 7–12.</br>
Yin, Robert K. “Case Study Research and Applications.” Sage, 2018. <a href="http://dln.jaipuria.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1615/1/case%20study%20research%20and%20applications%20design%20and%20methods%20by%20campbell%2c%20donald%20thomas%20yin%2c%20robert%20k..pdf.">http://dln.jaipuria.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1615/1/case study research and applications design and methods by campbell%2c donald thomas yin%2c robert k..pdf.</a></br>
Ali, Muhamad. “The Muhammadiyah’s 47th Congress and ‘Islam Berkemajuan.’” <em>Studia Islamika</em> 22, no. 2 (2015): 377–86.</br>
Altier, Mary Beth, Christian N Thoroughgood, and John G Horgan. “Turning Away from Terrorism: Lessons from Psychology, Sociology, and Criminology.” <em>Journal of Peace Research</em> 51, no. 5 (2014): 647–61. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343314535946">https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343314535946</a>.</br>
Arifianto, Alexander Raymond. “Islam Nusantara: NU’s Bid to Promote ‘Moderate Indonesian Islam,’” 2016.</br>
Arifin, Achmad Zainal. “Defending Traditions, Countering Intolerant Ideologies: Re-Energizing the Role of Modin in Modern Java.” <em>Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies</em> 55, no. 2 (2017): 265–92.</br>
Bachtiar, Hasnan. “Dār Al-‘Ahd Wa Al-Shahādah: Muhammadiyah’s Position and Thoughts on Negara Pancasila.” <em>Studia Islamika</em> 27, no. 3 (2020): 485–513.</br>
Bjørgo, Tore. “Dreams and Disillusionment: Engagement in and Disengagement from Militant Extremist Groups.” <em>Crime, Law and Social Change</em> 55, no. 4 (2011): 277–85. <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10611-011-9282-9">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10611-011-9282-9</a>.</br>
Braun, Virginia, and Victoria Clarke. “Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology.” <em>Qualitative Research in Psychology</em> 3, no. 2 (2006): 77–101.</br>
Dean, Geoff, and Peter Bell. “The Dark Side of Social Media: Review of Online Terrorism.” <em>Pakistan Journal of Criminology</em> 3, no. 4 (2012): 191–210. <a href="https://eprints.qut.edu.au/50162/">https://eprints.qut.edu.au/50162/</a>.</br>
Djidin, M, and Sahiron Syamsuddin. “Indonesian Interpretation of the Qur’an on Khilāfah: The Case of Quraish Shihab and Yudian Wahyudi on Qur’an, 2: 30-38.” <em>Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies</em> 57, no. 1 (2019): 143–66.</br>
Doosje, Bertjan, Fathali M Moghaddam, Arie W Kruglanski, Arjan De Wolf, Liesbeth Mann, and Allard R Feddes. “Terrorism, Radicalization and de-Radicalization.” <em>Current Opinion in Psychology</em> 11 (2016): 79–84. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.06.008">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.06.008</a>.</br>
Farida, Umma, and Abdurrohman Kasdi. “The 2017 KUPI Congress and Indonesian Female ‘Ulama.” <em>Journal of Indonesian Islam (JIIS)</em> 12, no. 02 (2018): 135–58.</br>
Fuchs, Christian. <em>Social Media: A Critical Introduction</em>. Sage, 2017.</br>
Ghannouchi, Rached. “Deradicalization Through Religious Education.” <em>Routledge Handbook of Deradicalisation and Disengagement</em>, 2020, 44.</br>
Gilliot, Cl., Repp, R.C., Nizami, K.A., Hooker, M.B., Lin, Chang-Kuan and Hunwick, J.O. “‘ʿUlamāʾ’, in Encyclopaedia of Islam.” Brill, 2020. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1278">http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1278</a>.</br>
Harrison, Helena, Melanie Birks, Richard Franklin, and Jane Mills. “Case Study Research: Foundations and Methodological Orientations.” In <em>Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research</em>, Vol. 18, 2017.</br>
Horgan, John, and Kurt Braddock. “Rehabilitating the Terrorists?: Challenges in Assessing the Effectiveness of de-Radicalization Programs.” <em>Terrorism and Political Violence</em> 22, no. 2 (2010): 267–91. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09546551003594748">https://doi.org/10.1080/09546551003594748</a>.</br>
Kaplan, Andreas M, and Michael Haenlein. “Users of the World, Unite! The Challenges and Opportunities of Social Media.” <em>Business Horizons</em> 53, no. 1 (2010): 59–68. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003</a>.</br>
Latief, Hilman, and Haedar Nashir. “Local Dynamics and Global Engagements of the Islamic Modernist Movement in Contemporary Indonesia: The Case of Muhammadiyah (2000-2020).” <em>Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs</em>, 2020, 1868103420910514. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1868103420910514">https://doi.org/10.1177/1868103420910514</a>.</br>
Linke, Anne, and Ansgar Zerfass. “Social Media Governance: Regulatory Frameworks for Successful Online Communications.” <em>Journal of Communication Management</em>, 2013.</br>
Lubis, Halimah. “Model Dakwah LDII Yogyakarta Dalam Penguatan Kerukunan Umat Beragama (Ditinjau Dari Perspektif Manajemen Dakwah).” <em>Tadbir: Jurnal Manajemen Dakwah FDIK IAIN Padangsidimpuan</em> 2, no. 1 (2020): 23–48.</br>
Muhammad, Ali, and Eric Hiariej. “Deradicalization Program in Indonesia Radicalizing the Radicals.” <em>Cogent Social Sciences</em> 7, no. 1 (2021): 1905219. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2021.1905219">https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2021.1905219</a>.</br>
Mujani, Wan Kamal, Ermy Azziaty Rozali, and Nor Jamaniah Zakaria. “The Wasatiyyah (Moderation) Concept: Its Implementation in Malaysia.” <em>Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences</em> 6, no. 4 (2015): 66.</br>
Nashir, Haedar, Zuly Qodir, Achmad Nurmandi, Hasse Jubba, and Mega Hidayati. “Muhammadiyah’s Moderation Stance in the 2019 General Election: Critical Views from Within.” <em>Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies</em> 57, no. 1 (2019): 1–24.</br>
Ninsiana, Widhiya. “Deradicalizing Religious Extremism Linguistically: An Intertextual Approach To Islamic Extremists’ View on The Qur’anic Interpretation.” <em>Akademika : Jurnal Pemikiran Islam</em> 25, no. 2 (2020): 277–94.</br>
Saleh, M Nurul Ikhsan, Burhan Nudin, Khusaini Khusaini, Puji Alim, and Ida Ayu Putri. “Islamic Boarding School and the Deradicalization Efforts of Islamic Education in Madura.” <em>Jurnal Pendidikan Islam</em> 8, no. 2 (2019): 259–86. <a href="https://doi.org/10.14421/jpi.2019.82.259-286">https://doi.org/10.14421/jpi.2019.82.259-286</a>.</br>
Setiawan, Adib Rifqi. “Islamic Education in Southeast Asia,” 2020. <a href="https://edarxiv.org/dnjqv/">https://edarxiv.org/dnjqv/</a>.</br>
Syahputra, Muhammad Candra, and Idrus Ruslan. “Nemui Nyimah: Lampung Local Wisdom with Religious Moderation Insight.” <em>Akademika : Jurnal Pemikiran Islam</em> 26, no. 1 (2021): 59–74.</br>
Taufik, Zulfan. “From Negative To Positive Peace: Strengthening The Role of Youth in Religious Peacebuilding in Bukittinggi, West Sumatra.” <em>Akademika : Jurnal Pemikiran Islam</em> 25, no. 2 (2020): 257–76.</br>
Tsesis, Alexander. “Social Media Accountability for Terrorist Propaganda.” <em>Fordham L. Rev.</em> 86 (2017): 605.</br>
Weimann, Gabriel. <em>Terror on the Internet: The New Arena, the New Challenges</em>. US Institute of Peace Press, 2006.</br>
Yaoren, Kenneth Yeo. “Leadership Decapitation and the Impact on Terrorist Groups.” <em>Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses</em> 11, no. 3 (2019): 7–12.</br>
Yin, Robert K. “Case Study Research and Applications.” Sage, 2018. <a href="http://dln.jaipuria.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1615/1/case%20study%20research%20and%20applications%20design%20and%20methods%20by%20campbell%2c%20donald%20thomas%20yin%2c%20robert%20k..pdf.">http://dln.jaipuria.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1615/1/case study research and applications design and methods by campbell%2c donald thomas yin%2c robert k..pdf.</a></br>
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2021-12-13
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