MORAL IDEAL-BASED QUR`AN INTERPRETATION ACCORDING TO SHĀṬIBĪ’S CONCEPT OF MAQĀṢID AL-SHARĪ’AH
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32332/akademika.v26i2.3050Keywords:
Ethical value, interpretation, maqāṣid al-sharī’a, and paradigmAbstract
Many kinds of research conducted so far reported that scripture unfortunately has been approached only from its legal doctrines. They tend to corrupt moral aspects as the very essential contents of scripture toward which God projects His doctrines. The trends of Quranic interpretation studies have also been limited to study legal or theological approaches neglecting the importance of its underlying moral ideals. To fill the gap, this article is aimed to offer a model of Quran interpretation based on its moral ideals, by focusing on elaborating Shāṭibī’s concept of maqāṣid al-sharī’ah (the goals of sharīa). It will deal firstly with extracting moral values underlying this concept, secondly, by employing Fazlur Rahman’s theory of distinction between legal-specific and moral ideals of Quranic teachings, it deals with constructing the models of Qur`an interpretation. The moral issues will be approached from a philosophical approach and the interpretation issues will be elaborated employing a hermeneutical perspective. Results reveal that the moral ideal-based Qur`an interpretation can be constructed based on the value-system of the maqāṣid, such as the theological-transcendental, theological pragmatic, and instrumentalist values. The interpretation can be projected both to an ethico-historical understanding of verses by connecting a historical context, literary context, and values and to an ethico-contextual approach by connecting a present situation, literary context, and values.
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References
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Audah, Jasser. <em>Al-Maqasid Untuk Pemula</em>. Yogyakarta: Suka Press, 2013.</br>
Baso, Ahmad. <em>Islam Pasca-Kolonial: Perselingkuhan Agama, Kolonialisme, Dan Liberalisme.</em> Bandung: Mizan, 2005.</br>
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Ghazali, Abd. Moqsith. <em>Argumen Pluralisme Agama: Membangun Toleransi Berbasis al-Qur`an.</em> Jakarta: Katakita, 2009.</br>
Ghazali, Abd. Moqsith. <em>Metodologi Studi Al-Qur`an.</em> Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka, 2009.</br>
Graham, William K, and Joe Balloun. “An Empirical Test of Maslow’s Hierarchy Theory.” <em>Journal of Humanistic Psychology</em> 13, no. 1 (1973): 97–98.</br>
Haq, Hamka. <em>Al-Shā</em><em>ṭibī: Aspek Teologis Konsep Mashlahah Dalam Kitab al-Muwāfaqāt.</em> Jakarta: Erlangga, 2007.</br>
Husaini, Adian, and Abdurrahman al-Baghdadi. <em>Hermeneutika Dan Tafsir Al-Qur`an</em>. Jakarta: Gema Insani Press, 2007.</br>
Husaini, Adnan. <em>Wajah Peradaban Barat: Dari Hegemoni Kristen Ke Dominasi Sekular-Liberal</em>. Jakarta: Gema Insani Press, 2005.</br>
Kholid, Abd, Abu Bakar, Muktafi Muktafi, and Mukhammad Zamzami. “Rereading the Indonesiaan Interpretation of the Qur`an on Awliyā`: The Cases of Hamka and M. Quraish Shihab.” <em>Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies</em> 9, no. 1 (2021): 37–73.</br>
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Muneer, Kuttiyani Muhammad, and Abdul Rahim Rahim. “The Principle of Wasaṭiyyah as a Higher Objective of the Sharī‘ah: A Historical Survey.” <em>Intellectual Discourse</em> 25, no. 2 (2017): 341–55.</br>
Nawawi, Nawawi. “Ta`sīs Maqāṣid Al-Sharī`ah al-Taqaddumiyyah Li Radd al-Fikr al-Irhābī Wa al-Taṭarrufī (Dirāsah Taḥlīliyyah Uṣūliyyah).” <em>Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies</em> 5, no. 1 (2017): 117–42.</br>
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Otto, Rudolf. <em>The Idea of the Holy: An Inqury into the Non-Rational Factor in the Idea of the Divine and Its Relation to the Rational, Trans. John W. Harvey</em>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University, 1958.</br>
Pink, Johanna. “Authority and Innovation in Contemporary Sunnī Tafsīr: Towards a Typology of Qur’an Commentaries from the Arab World, Indonesia and Turkey.” <em>Journal of Qur`anic Studies</em> 12, no. 1 (2010): 73–76. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3366/E1465359110000963.">https://doi.org/10.3366/E1465359110000963.</a></br>
Rahman, Fazlur. <em>Islam: Challenges and Opportunities,” in Islam: Past Influence and Present Challenge, Ed. Alford T. Welch, Pierre Cachia, and William Montgomery Watt</em>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1979.</br>
Raysuni, Ahmad al. <em>Al-Fikr al-Maqāshidī: Qawā’iduh Wa Fawā`iduh.</em> Tunis: Mansyūrāt Jarīdat al-Zaman, 1999.</br>
Raysūnī, Aḥmad al al-. <em>Na</em><em>ẓariyyat Al-Maqā</em><em>ṣid ‘Ind al-Shā</em><em>ṭibī</em>. Rabat: Dār al-Amān, 1991.</br>
Raysūnī, Aḥmad bin ‘Abd al-Salām al-. <em>Al-Tajdid al-U</em><em>ṣūlī: Na</em><em>ḥwa </em><em>Ṣiyāghah Tajdīdiyyah Li ‘Ilm U</em><em>ṣūl al-Fiqh</em>. Jordan: The International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2016.</br>
Rennie, David L. “Two Thought on Abraham Maslow.” <em>Journal of Humanistic Psychology</em> 48, no. 4 (2008): 445. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167808320537">https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167808320537</a>.</br>
Sābiq, Sayydi. <em>Fiqh Al-Sunnah</em>. Vol. III. Beirut: Dâr al-Fikr, 1983.</br>
Samsuddin, Muhammad Adib, and Salasiah Hanin Hamjah. “Confusion Concerning the Use of Maqaṣid Al-Shari’ah in Some Social Issues in Malaysia.” <em>Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences</em> 6, no. 6 (2015): 369–74.</br>
Saputra, Endy, and Busyro Busyro. “Kawin Maupah: An Obligation to Get Merried After Talak Tiga in the Tradition of Binjai Village in Pasaman District: A Maqāṣid al-Sharī’ah Reviwe.” <em>Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies</em> 6, no. 2 (2018): 181–219.</br>
Shāṭibī, Abū Isḥāq al-. <em>Al-Muwāfaqāt Fi U</em><em>ṣūl al-Sharī’ah</em>. Vol. II. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah, 2003.</br>
Smith, A.D. “Ottos’s Criticism of Schleiermacher.” <em>Religious Studies: An International of Philosophy of Religion</em> 45, no. 2 (2009): 187–204. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0034412508009761">https://doi.org/10.1017/S0034412508009761</a>.</br>
Susilo, Sulistiyono, and Abdul Ghofur. “Maslaha as the Philosophical, Political, and Legal Basis on the Islamic Banking Legislation in Indonesia.” <em>Global Journal of Al-Thaqafah</em> 7, no. 1 (2017): 14.</br>
Wardani. <em>Islam Ramah Lingkungan: Dari Eko-Teologi al-Qur`an Hingga Fiqh al-Bî`ah</em>. Banjarmasin: IAIN Antasari Press, 2015.</br>
Wardani, Wardani. <em>Trend Perkembangan Pemikiran Kontemporer: Metodologi Tafsir Al-Qur’an di Indonesia</em>. Yogyakarta: Kurnia Kalam Semesta, 2017.</br>
Yusof, Rosylin Mohd, Norazlina Abd Wahab, Nik Nor Amalina, and Nik Mohd Sukrri. “Enhancing the House Price Index Model in Malaysia Towards a Maqasid Shariah Perspective: An Empirical Investigation.” <em>Shajarah: Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization</em>, no. Special Issue (2018): 225–53.</br>
Zakariyah, Luqman, Mohammed Farid Ali al Fijawi, Binti Ahmad H Osman Rahmah, Syukran Abd Rahman, and Suhaimi Mhd Sarif. “The Theoretical Framework for Measuring Key Intangible Performance (KIP) in Research and Publication Using Maqāṣid al-Sharī’ah (MS).” <em>Intellectual Discourse</em> 28, no. 2 (2020): 409–31.</br>
Armas, Adnin. <em>Metodologi Bibel Dalam Studi Al-Qur`an: Kajian Kritis</em>. Jakarta: Gema Insani Press, 2005.</br>
Armas, Adnin. <em>Pengaruh Kristen-Orientalis Terhadap Islam Liberal: Dialog Interaktif Dengan Aktivis Jaringan Islam Liberal</em>. Jakarta: Gema Insani Press, 2004.</br>
Auda, Jasser. “Maqasid Approach to Contemporary Application of the Shariah.” <em>Intellectual Discourse</em> 19 (2011).</br>
Audah, Jasser. <em>Al-Maqasid Untuk Pemula</em>. Yogyakarta: Suka Press, 2013.</br>
Baso, Ahmad. <em>Islam Pasca-Kolonial: Perselingkuhan Agama, Kolonialisme, Dan Liberalisme.</em> Bandung: Mizan, 2005.</br>
Bektofic, Safet. “Towards a Neo-Modernist Islam: Fazlur Rahman and the Rethinking Islamic Tradition and Modernity,” Dalam Studia Theologica: Nordic Journal of Theology, Vol. 70, No. 2 (2016), 8. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0039338x.2016.1253260">http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0039338x.2016.1253260</a>.” <em>Studia Theologica: Nordic Journal of Theology</em> 70, no. 2 (2016): 8. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/0039338X.2016.1253260">https://doi.org/10.1080/0039338X.2016.1253260</a>.</br>
Fāris, Ibn. <em>Mu’jam Maqāyīs al-Lughah. Ed. ‘Abd al-Salām Muhammad Hārūn.</em> Vol. 5. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, n.d.</br>
Ghazali, Abd. Moqsith. <em>Argumen Pluralisme Agama: Membangun Toleransi Berbasis al-Qur`an.</em> Jakarta: Katakita, 2009.</br>
Ghazali, Abd. Moqsith. <em>Metodologi Studi Al-Qur`an.</em> Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka, 2009.</br>
Graham, William K, and Joe Balloun. “An Empirical Test of Maslow’s Hierarchy Theory.” <em>Journal of Humanistic Psychology</em> 13, no. 1 (1973): 97–98.</br>
Haq, Hamka. <em>Al-Shā</em><em>ṭibī: Aspek Teologis Konsep Mashlahah Dalam Kitab al-Muwāfaqāt.</em> Jakarta: Erlangga, 2007.</br>
Husaini, Adian, and Abdurrahman al-Baghdadi. <em>Hermeneutika Dan Tafsir Al-Qur`an</em>. Jakarta: Gema Insani Press, 2007.</br>
Husaini, Adnan. <em>Wajah Peradaban Barat: Dari Hegemoni Kristen Ke Dominasi Sekular-Liberal</em>. Jakarta: Gema Insani Press, 2005.</br>
Kholid, Abd, Abu Bakar, Muktafi Muktafi, and Mukhammad Zamzami. “Rereading the Indonesiaan Interpretation of the Qur`an on Awliyā`: The Cases of Hamka and M. Quraish Shihab.” <em>Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies</em> 9, no. 1 (2021): 37–73.</br>
Kholis, Nur, Muhammad Roy Purwanto, Tamyiz Mukharrom, and Supriyadi Supriyadi. “The Significance of Maqasid Syariah Principles in Improving Islamic Economics and Finance”.” <em>International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change</em> 13, no. 3 (2020): 1342–53.</br>
Martin, Richard C. “Understanding Qur`an in Text and Context.” <em>History of Religions</em> 21, no. 4 (1982): 361–84. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1086/462906">https://doi.org/10.1086/462906</a>.</br>
Mas’ud, Muhammad Khalid. <em>Shâtibi’s Philosophy of Islamic Law</em>. Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute, 1995.</br>
Muneer, Kuttiyani Muhammad, and Abdul Rahim Rahim. “The Principle of Wasaṭiyyah as a Higher Objective of the Sharī‘ah: A Historical Survey.” <em>Intellectual Discourse</em> 25, no. 2 (2017): 341–55.</br>
Nawawi, Nawawi. “Ta`sīs Maqāṣid Al-Sharī`ah al-Taqaddumiyyah Li Radd al-Fikr al-Irhābī Wa al-Taṭarrufī (Dirāsah Taḥlīliyyah Uṣūliyyah).” <em>Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies</em> 5, no. 1 (2017): 117–42.</br>
Noor, Azman Mohd, Ainatul Aqilah Kamarudin, and Muhammad Nasir Haron. “The Importance of Understanding the Maqasid of Shari’ah in the Development of Islamic Banking and Financial System.” <em>Shajarah: Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization</em> 21, no. 3 (2016): 41–45.</br>
Otto, Rudolf. <em>The Idea of the Holy: An Inqury into the Non-Rational Factor in the Idea of the Divine and Its Relation to the Rational, Trans. John W. Harvey</em>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University, 1958.</br>
Pink, Johanna. “Authority and Innovation in Contemporary Sunnī Tafsīr: Towards a Typology of Qur’an Commentaries from the Arab World, Indonesia and Turkey.” <em>Journal of Qur`anic Studies</em> 12, no. 1 (2010): 73–76. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3366/E1465359110000963.">https://doi.org/10.3366/E1465359110000963.</a></br>
Rahman, Fazlur. <em>Islam: Challenges and Opportunities,” in Islam: Past Influence and Present Challenge, Ed. Alford T. Welch, Pierre Cachia, and William Montgomery Watt</em>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1979.</br>
Raysuni, Ahmad al. <em>Al-Fikr al-Maqāshidī: Qawā’iduh Wa Fawā`iduh.</em> Tunis: Mansyūrāt Jarīdat al-Zaman, 1999.</br>
Raysūnī, Aḥmad al al-. <em>Na</em><em>ẓariyyat Al-Maqā</em><em>ṣid ‘Ind al-Shā</em><em>ṭibī</em>. Rabat: Dār al-Amān, 1991.</br>
Raysūnī, Aḥmad bin ‘Abd al-Salām al-. <em>Al-Tajdid al-U</em><em>ṣūlī: Na</em><em>ḥwa </em><em>Ṣiyāghah Tajdīdiyyah Li ‘Ilm U</em><em>ṣūl al-Fiqh</em>. Jordan: The International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2016.</br>
Rennie, David L. “Two Thought on Abraham Maslow.” <em>Journal of Humanistic Psychology</em> 48, no. 4 (2008): 445. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167808320537">https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167808320537</a>.</br>
Sābiq, Sayydi. <em>Fiqh Al-Sunnah</em>. Vol. III. Beirut: Dâr al-Fikr, 1983.</br>
Samsuddin, Muhammad Adib, and Salasiah Hanin Hamjah. “Confusion Concerning the Use of Maqaṣid Al-Shari’ah in Some Social Issues in Malaysia.” <em>Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences</em> 6, no. 6 (2015): 369–74.</br>
Saputra, Endy, and Busyro Busyro. “Kawin Maupah: An Obligation to Get Merried After Talak Tiga in the Tradition of Binjai Village in Pasaman District: A Maqāṣid al-Sharī’ah Reviwe.” <em>Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies</em> 6, no. 2 (2018): 181–219.</br>
Shāṭibī, Abū Isḥāq al-. <em>Al-Muwāfaqāt Fi U</em><em>ṣūl al-Sharī’ah</em>. Vol. II. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah, 2003.</br>
Smith, A.D. “Ottos’s Criticism of Schleiermacher.” <em>Religious Studies: An International of Philosophy of Religion</em> 45, no. 2 (2009): 187–204. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0034412508009761">https://doi.org/10.1017/S0034412508009761</a>.</br>
Susilo, Sulistiyono, and Abdul Ghofur. “Maslaha as the Philosophical, Political, and Legal Basis on the Islamic Banking Legislation in Indonesia.” <em>Global Journal of Al-Thaqafah</em> 7, no. 1 (2017): 14.</br>
Wardani. <em>Islam Ramah Lingkungan: Dari Eko-Teologi al-Qur`an Hingga Fiqh al-Bî`ah</em>. Banjarmasin: IAIN Antasari Press, 2015.</br>
Wardani, Wardani. <em>Trend Perkembangan Pemikiran Kontemporer: Metodologi Tafsir Al-Qur’an di Indonesia</em>. Yogyakarta: Kurnia Kalam Semesta, 2017.</br>
Yusof, Rosylin Mohd, Norazlina Abd Wahab, Nik Nor Amalina, and Nik Mohd Sukrri. “Enhancing the House Price Index Model in Malaysia Towards a Maqasid Shariah Perspective: An Empirical Investigation.” <em>Shajarah: Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization</em>, no. Special Issue (2018): 225–53.</br>
Zakariyah, Luqman, Mohammed Farid Ali al Fijawi, Binti Ahmad H Osman Rahmah, Syukran Abd Rahman, and Suhaimi Mhd Sarif. “The Theoretical Framework for Measuring Key Intangible Performance (KIP) in Research and Publication Using Maqāṣid al-Sharī’ah (MS).” <em>Intellectual Discourse</em> 28, no. 2 (2020): 409–31.</br>
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