HAK ASASI MANUSIA DI INDONESIA PASCA-ORDE BARU: PERTARUNGAN ISLAMISM VERSUS CIVIL ISLAM
Keywords:
HAM, Orde Baru, Islamism, civil Islam, Human rights, New Order RegimeAbstract
Tulisan ini mencoba memberikan gambaran mengenai kondisi HAM di Indonesia pasca orde baru sekaligus memetakan titik singgung dan titik pisah diskursus HAM di antara golongan anti-barat (Islamism) dan pro-barat (civil- Islam). Dua golongan Islam Indonesia ini akan dijelaskan secara rigid berdasarkan teori-teori hasil temuan penelitian pemerhati Islam Indonesia. Kajian ini menemukan bahwa diskursus HAM Pasca-Orba mengalami pergeseran dari HAM ala militerisme ke HAM yang berkaitan dengan masalah agama. Melalui pendekatan historis rangkaian temuan tulisan ini membawa pada kesimpulan teoretik, bahwa, untuk kasus Islam Indonesia, breeding ground utama Islamism adalah negara yang lemah. Kaum Islamism tumbuh kuat manakala kontrol negara terhadap keamanan, sosial, keagamaan, kemasyarakatan, ekonomi dan politik, melemah. Sebaliknya, lahan subur bagi Civil Islam yaitu, negara otoriter. pada saat negara dengan sangat tangguhnyamengontrol ekonomi, social, budaya, sipil dan politik.
This paper tries to give an overview about the condition of human rights in Indonesia after the new order and map the tangent point and the point of separating human rights discourse between the anti-Western (Islamism) and pro-Western (civil-Islam). The two Islamic groups in Indonesia will be described rigidly in line with the existing theories as the results of the research findings on Islam within Indonesia contexts. This study found that the discourse of human rights after the new order regime underwent a shift from human rights which are connected to militarism to human rights with regard to religion issue. Through the historical approach of this paper's findings led to the conclusion that the theory, in the case of Islam Indonesia, the main breeding ground of Islamism is a weak country. The Islamism grows stronger when the state control of security, social, religious, societal, political, and economic are weak. In contrast, fertile ground for an Islamic civil an authoritarian country. It is a strong country which has powerful control the economic, social, cultural, civil and political rights.
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References
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Adam, Charles J., Mawdudi and The Islamic State, Voices of Resurgent Islam, John L. Esposito (editor), Oxford: University Press, 1983.
Al-Makassary, Ridwan, dan Ahmad Gaus, Benih-benih Islam Radikal di Masjid Studi Kasus Jakarta dan Solo. Jakarta, Jakarta: CSRC UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2010.
Al-Mawardi, al-Ahkam al-Sulthaniyah:3, maktabah syamilah, http://www.al- islam.com
Amal, Taufik Adnan, dan Samsu Rizal Panggabean, Politik Syariat Islam: Dari Indonesia hingga Nigeria, Jakarta: Alfabet, 2004.
Annual Review of Sociology, 22 (2002): 303, “The Study of Islamic Culture and Politics,”
Anwar, M. Syafi'i, Pemikiran dan Aksi Islam Indonesia, Jakarta: Paramadina, 1995. Awwas, Irfan. S, Da‟wah dan Jihad Abu Bakar Ba‟asyir, Yogyakarta; Wihdah Press, 2003.
Bamu‟alim, Chaider S. Gerakan Islam Radikal Kontemporerdi Indonesia: Front Pembela Islam dan Laskar Jihad, Jakarta: UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Press, 2001.
Binawan, Andang Problematika filosofis Hukum Hak Asasi Manusia, Yogyakarta: Pusham UII 2001.
Bruinessen, Martin Van, (NU, Tradisi relasi- kuasa, pencarian wacana baru, Yogyakarta: LKiS, 1994.
Book‟s Review: Civil Islam; Muslim and Democrtization in Indonesia, Times Literary Supplement, 23 Agustus 2002.
Ceunfin, Frans. Hak-hak Asasi Manusia: Pendasaran dalam Filsafat Hukum dan Filsafat Politik, Meumere: Penerbit Ledalero, 2004.
Cruzman, Charles J., Islam Liberal, ter, Jakarta: Paramadina, 2000. Davidson, Scott, Human Rights, Buckingham: Open university Press, 1993.
Davis, Michael, Laskar Jihad and The Political Position of Conservative Islam in Indonesia, Contemporary Southest Asia 24, No. 1 April 2002.
Deklarasi Kairo tentang Hak Asasi Manusia dalam Islam, 5 Agustus 1990, Demant, Peter R., Globalised Islam, oleh Olivier Roy, Islamism and Democracy in
Indonesia, Jakarta; LIPI, 2004
Islam Vs Islamisme; The Dilemma of Muslim World, London: Westport, 2006. Dhakiri, M.Hanif, Post-Tradisonalisme Islam, Jakarta: Pustaka Isisindo, 2000.
Eikmeier, Dale C., Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-Fascism by the Zionist, Parameters,
El Fadl, Khalid Abou, Islam and Challenge of Democracy, Princeton: University Press, 2004.
Ensiklopedi Islam, "Dinamika Masa Kini" , Jakarta: Ichtiar Baru Van Hoeve, 2002. Esposito, John L., Political Islam: Beyond the Green Menace, CA: Altaa Mira Press,
2002.
Evans, Gareth, International Crisis Group (ICG), laporan ICG tanggal 13 Oktober 2005.
Hasan, Nurhaidi, Laskar Jihad, (Jakarta: Pustaka LP3ES Indonesia & KITLV- Jakarta, 2008.
Hefner, Robert W., Civil Islam: Muslim and Democratization in Indonesia, Princeton: University Press, 2000.
Hilmi, Masdar, Islamism and Democracy in Indonesia, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asia Studies. 2010.
Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia, Selamatkan Indonesia Dengan Syariat, Jakarta: Booklet HTI, 2002.
International Crisis Group, Understanding Islamism , 21 September 2010.
Ismail, Salwa, Being Muslim: Islam, Islamism and Identity Politics, Government and Opposition 39, No. 4 2004.
John T. Sidel, The Islamist Threat in Southeast Asia: A Reassessment. Jones, Sidney, Background Report, Jakarta:ICG, 2002.
Kenneth Christie, The Politics of Conceptualizing Islam and The West, Ethics and International Affairs, 18, No. 3 Desember 2004.
Knut D. Asplund, Suparman Marzuki dan Eko Riyadi (ed), Hukum Hak Asasi Manusia, Yogyakarta: PUSHAM UII, 2008.
Lembaga Studi dan Advokasi Masyarakat (Elsam), yang diberi judul “Tutup Buku dengan Transitional Justice” Laporan Tahunan Elsam tahun 2005 Jakarta: Annual Report Elsam, 1999-2002, 2005, 2008.
Madjid, Nurcholis, Musim Semi Intelektual Pesantren, makalah Seminar Pra- Muktamar Cipasung, Jakarta 9 September 2004.
Mardin, Serif, Muslim and Democracy: a Civil Islam discourse, International journal of Comparative Sociology 43, No. 5.
Martin, Richard C., Does Religion Make a Different, Millennium: Journal of International Studies 25, No 3 2000.
Mubarok, Zaki, Genealogi Islam Radikal di Indonesia, .Jakarta: LP3ES, 2007.
Nahdlatul Ulama, Traditional, and Modernity in Indonesia, Clayon: Monash: Monash University, 1996.
Noer, Deliar , Gerakan Modern Islam di Indonesia, Jakarta: LP3ES, 1980.
Noorhaidi, laskar Jihad: Islam, Militansi dan Pencarian Identitas di Indonesia pasca- Orde Baru, Jakarta: LP3ES, 2008.
NU, Tradisi Relasi- Kuasa, Pencarian Wacana Baru, Yogyakarta: LKiS, 1994.
Palupi, Sri, mengenal dan Memahami Hak Ekonomi, Sosial dan Budaya, Jakarta: Elsam, 2011.
Perry, Michael J., Toward a Theory of Human Rights: Religions, Law and Courts, Cambridge: University Press, 2007.
Qutb, Sayyid, Ma‟alim fi al-Thariq, Cairo: Dar al-Shuruq, 1992.
Rahmat, IMdadun, Arus Baru Islam radikal: Transmisi Revivalisme Islam Timur Tengah ke Indonesia, Jakarta: Erlangga, 2005.
Redefining Political Islam in Indonesia: Nahdlatul Ulama dan Khittah 26, Studi Islamica 7, No 2, 2000.
Riyadi, Eko, Prinsip-prinsip Hak Asasi Manusia, Yogyakrta: Pusham UII, 2010.
Roy, Olivier, Globalised Islam: The Search for a New Ummah United Kingdom: C. Hurst & Co. Ltd, 2004.
Saifudin, Anshari Endang, The Jakarta Charter 1945: The Struggle For an Islamic Constitution in Indonesia, Kuala Lumpur: ABIM, 1979.
Samudra, Imam, Aku Melawan Teroris, Solo: Jazera, 2004.
Shihab, Al Habieb Muhammad Rizieq bin Husein, Dialog Piagam Jakarta, Jakarta: PIS, 2000.
Sholeh, Shonhadji, Pembaruan Wacana Kaum Nahdliyin, Disertasi Program Doktor Universitas Airlangga Surabaya: 2004.
Sirajd, Said Aqiel, Islamiyun wa Wathaniyun: Maqashid Syari‟ah sebagai Jalan Tengah HAM Islam, Jakarta: Ma‟arif Institute, 2007.
Sonn, Tamara, Islam and Modernity: Are They Compatible? Shireen T. Hunter and Huma Malik (ed), (London: Praeger in Coorporation with The Centre for Strategis and International Studies (CSIS), 2005.
Sweetnam, Yonah Alexander and Michael Usama bin Laden‟s al-Qaeda: Profile of a Terrorist Network, Ardsley USA: Transnasional Publisher, 2001.
Syaukani, Luthfi, Islam Warna-warni, Koran Tempo 13 Agustus 2002.
Syaukani, Luthfi, Tipologi Pemikiran Arab Kontemporer, Jakarta: Paramadina, vol I, No 1, Juli- Desember 1998.
Tirtana, Fajar Riza ul Haq dan Endang, Islam, HAM dan Keindonesiaan, Jakarta: Ma‟arif Institute, 2007.
Titus, Murray Thurston, Islam in India and Pakistan, California: University of California Press 1990.
Wawancara dengan Slamet effendi yusuf: jangankan sebagai Menteri Agama, menjadi kepala KUA bagi orang NU pada masa Orba, nyaris musthail.
Wignjosoebroto, Soetandyo, HAM dalam Aspek Historis dan Sosiologis: konsep Dasar dan Perkembangan dari Masa ke Masa, Jakarta: Elsam, 2005.
Wright, Robin, Sacred Rage: The Wrath of Militant Islam, Oxford: University Press, 2003.
Yusanto, Ismail Selamatkan Indonesia dengan Syar‟ah, dalam “Syariat Islam: Pandangan Muslim liberal (ed) Burhanudin, Jakarta: Jaringan islam Liberal, 2003.
Zallum, Abdul Qadim, Konspirasi Barat Meruntuhkan Khilafah Islamiyah, Bangil: al- Izzah, 2001.
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